How to become a U.S. citizen

Becoming a U.S. citizen through naturalization follows a clear path. Here's the big picture, with links to the free tools that help at each step. This is general information, not legal advice — always confirm details at uscis.gov.

1. Confirm you are eligible

   Most applicants must be a permanent resident for 5 years (or 3 years if married to and living with a U.S. citizen), be 18+, and meet residence, physical-presence, and good-moral-character rules.

2. Know your earliest filing date

   You can file Form N-400 up to 90 days before you complete the residence requirement. Use our timeline calculator to find the exact date.

3. Prepare and file Form N-400

   Complete the Application for Naturalization (Form N-400), gather your documents, and file online or by mail with the required fee (fee waivers exist for those who qualify).

4. Give your biometrics

   USCIS may schedule a biometrics appointment to take your fingerprints and photo for background checks.

5. Study for the civics & English tests

   Practice the civics questions and the English reading/writing/speaking skills. Our free civics practice covers all official questions.

6. Attend your interview

   A USCIS officer reviews your N-400, asks you civics questions, and tests your English. This is where your practice pays off.

7. Receive a decision

   USCIS grants, continues (asks for more), or denies your application. Many applicants are approved at or soon after the interview.

8. Take the Oath of Allegiance

   At a naturalization ceremony you take the Oath of Allegiance and receive your Certificate of Naturalization — you are now a U.S. citizen.

Start where it counts. The civics test trips up the most people — and it's the part you can master with practice. Begin today with our free civics practice.

Plan your timing

Two free tools make the dates concrete:

• Eligibility checker — see whether you can apply yet.
• Timeline calculator — find your earliest N-400 filing date and a realistic path to your oath.